Which factor primarily influences the process of carbonation in nature?

The process of carbonation primarily occurs when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in rainwater, forming a weak carbonic acid. This acidic solution plays a crucial role in the weathering of carbonate rocks, such as limestone. When acidic rainfall seeps into the ground or flows over exposed rocks, it reacts with calcium carbonate in these rocks, leading to the dissolution and alteration of the rock material. This chemical weathering process is significant in shaping landscapes, forming features like caves and karst topography.

Temperature differences, wind erosion, and biological activity can influence weathering and other geological processes, but they are not the primary driving force behind carbonation specifically. Temperature may affect the rate of chemical reactions, while wind erosion primarily pertains to physical weathering. Biological activity contributes to soil formation and organic weathering processes, but it does not directly relate to the chemical process of carbonation like acidic rainfall does.