What is the theory of plate tectonics?

The theory of plate tectonics is fundamentally centered around the understanding that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into a number of large and small tectonic plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them. These plates are dynamic; they move relative to each other, leading to various geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain building, and oceanic trench formation.

This theory helps to explain the movement and interaction of these plates, including the processes at plate boundaries, where they may converge, diverge, or slide past one another. The interactions at these boundaries can be attributed to the forces generated by the heat from the Earth's interior, leading to a diverse range of geological activity.

In contrast, the idea that the Earth’s crust is fixed and unchangeable contradicts the foundational principles of tectonic movement. While climate changes are indeed influenced by geological processes, this concept does not address the mechanics of plate movement specifically. Additionally, the theory does not pertain to ocean circulation patterns, which are governed by different processes related to atmospheric conditions and ocean chemistry.

Understanding plate tectonics is crucial as it provides insights into our planet's history, the formation of continents, and the distribution of natural resources and hazards.