What is the process called when compact layers of rock become solid rock?

The process when compact layers of sedimentary rock become solid rock is known as lithification. This involves several stages, including compaction, where the weight of overlying materials compresses the sediment, and cementation, where mineral-rich water fills the spaces between sediment particles and crystallizes, binding them together. Lithification leads to the transformation of loose sediments into solid rock, representing a critical phase in the rock cycle.

In contrast, weathering refers to the breakdown of rocks at the Earth's surface due to various factors, including wind and water. Erosion involves the physical removal and transportation of materials from one location to another by natural agents such as water, wind, or ice. Metamorphism is a different process where existing rock undergoes transformation due to changes in temperature and pressure, resulting in metamorphic rock. Understanding lithification is key to grasping how sedimentary rocks form and contribute to the geological landscape.