How do latitude and altitude affect climate?

Latitude and altitude are two fundamental factors that significantly influence climate. Latitude refers to the distance north or south of the equator, which directly affects the amount of solar radiation received at the Earth's surface. Areas closer to the equator receive more direct sunlight throughout the year, leading to warmer temperatures, while regions nearer the poles receive sunlight at a shallower angle, resulting in cooler climates.

Altitude, on the other hand, refers to the height above sea level. As altitude increases, temperature typically decreases. This is due to the thinning of the atmosphere at higher elevations, which leads to less air pressure and a reduction in temperature. This is commonly experienced in mountainous regions where temperatures drop as one ascends.

The correct choice highlights that as latitude affects the distribution of heat—primarily through varied solar angles—altitude further modifies temperature due to its impact on atmospheric conditions. Together, these two factors create diverse climatic zones across the globe, with altitude contributing to cooler temperatures despite the latitude’s warmer trends closer to the equator.

In contrast, the assertion that latitude has minimal effects or that altitude increases temperatures does not accurately reflect the established understanding of climatic influences. Latitude plays a crucial role in defining broad climate zones, while altitude undeniably contributes to localized variations.